TRADITIONAL MATERIALS
1) Stones
2) Bricks
3) Timber
4) Cement
5) Lime
Stone:
Stone is a naturally available building material, its available in the form of rock.
It has been used to construct small residential buildings to large construction.
Type of Stones: Stones classified in the following three ways-
• Geological
• Physical
• Chemical
Geological Classification-
Based on their origin of formation stones are classified into three main groups—Igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.
(i) Igneous Rocks
(ii) Sedimentary Rocks
(ii) Sedimentary Rocks
(i) Igneous Rocks:
These rocks are formed by cooling and solidifying of the rock masses from
their molten magmatic condition of the material of the earth. Generally igneous rocks are strong and durable. Granite, trap and basalt are the rocks belonging to this category, Granites are formed by slow cooling of the lava under thick cover on the top. Hence they have crystalline surface. The cooling of lava at the top surface of earth results into non-crystalline and glassy texture. Trap and basalt belong to this category.
(ii) Sedimentary Rocks: Due to weathering action of water, wind and frost existing rocks
disintegrates. The disintegrated material is carried by wind and water; the water being most powerful medium. Flowing water deposits its suspended materials at some points of obstacles to its flow. These deposited layers of materials get consolidated under pressure and by heat. Chemical agents also contribute to the cementing of the deposits. The rocks thus formed are more uniform, fine grained and compact in their nature. They represent a bedded or stratified structure in general. Sand stones, lime stones, mud stones etc. belong to this class of rock.
(iii) Metamorphic Rocks: Previously formed igneous and sedimentary rocks under go changes
due to metamorphic action of pressure and internal heat. For example due to metamorphic action granite becomes greisses, trap and basalt change to schist and laterite, lime stone changes to marble, sand stone becomes quartzite and mud stone becomes slate.
Physical Classification:
Based on the structure, the rocks may be classified as:
• Stratified rocks
• Unstratified rocks
(i) Stratified Rocks: These rocks are having layered structure. They possess planes of
stratification or cleavage. They can be easily split along these planes. Sand stones, lime stones, slate etc.
are the examples of this class of stones.
(ii) Unstratified Rocks: These rocks are not stratified. They possess crystalline and compact
grains. They cannot be split in to thin slab. Granite, trap, marble etc. are the examples of this type of
rocks.
(iii) Foliated Rocks: These rocks have a tendency to split along a definite direction only. The
direction need not be parallel to each other as in case of stratified rocks. This type of structure is very
common in case of metamorphic rocks.
Chemical Classification
On the basis of their chemical composition engineers prefer to classify rocks as:
• Silicious rocks
• Argillaceous rocks and
• Calcareous rocks
(i) Silicious rocks: The main content of these rocks is silica. They are hard and durable. Examples
of such rocks are granite, trap, sand stones etc.
(ii) Argillaceous rocks: The main constituent of these rocks is argil i.e., clay. These stones are
hard and durable but they are brittle. They cannot withstand shock. Slates and laterites are examples of this type of rocks.
(iii) Calcareous rocks: The main constituent of these rocks is calcium carbonate. Limestone is a
calcareous rock of sedimentary origin while marble is a calcareous rock of metamorphic origin.
Chemical Classification
On the basis of their chemical composition engineers prefer to classify rocks as:
• Silicious rocks
• Argillaceous rocks and
• Calcareous rocks
(i) Silicious rocks: The main content of these rocks is silica. They are hard and durable. Examples
of such rocks are granite, trap, sand stones etc.
(ii) Argillaceous rocks: The main constituent of these rocks is argil i.e., clay. These stones are hard and durable but they are brittle. They cannot withstand shock. Slates and laterites are examples of this type of rocks.
(iii) Calcareous rocks: The main constituent of these rocks is calcium carbonate. Limestone is a
calcareous rock of sedimentary origin while marble is a calcareous rock of metamorphic origin.
